Validation and measurement invariance of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test among Brazilian men and women.

OBJECTIVE: The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15-item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. METHOD: After the back-translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. RESULTS: Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test-retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. CONCLUSION: This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross-cultural studies in this field. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.

A Genetic Model of Epilepsy with a Partial Alzheimer's Disease-Like Phenotype and Central Insulin Resistance.

Studies have suggested an important connection between epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD), mostly due to the high number of patients diagnosed with AD who develop epileptic seizures later on. However, this link is not well understood. Previous studies from our group have identified memory impairment and metabolic abnormalities in the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain, a genetic model of epilepsy. Our goal was to investigate AD behavioral and molecular alterations, including brain insulin resistance, in naïve (seizure-free) animals of the WAR strain. We used the Morris water maze (MWM) test to evaluate spatial learning and memory performance and hippocampal tissue to verify possible molecular and immunohistochemical alterations. WARs presented worse performance in the MWM test (p < 0.0001), higher levels of hyperphosphorylated tau (S396) (p < 0.0001) and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (S21/9) (p < 0.05), and lower insulin receptor levels (p < 0.05). Conversely, WARs and Wistar controls present progressive increase in amyloid fibrils (p < 0.0001) and low levels of soluble amyloid-ß. Interestingly, the detected alterations were age-dependent, reaching larger differences in aged than in young adult animals. In summary, the present study provides evidence of a partial AD-like phenotype, including altered regulation of insulin signaling, in a genetic model of epilepsy. Together, these data contribute to the understanding of the connection between epilepsy and AD as comorbidities. Moreover, since both tau hyperphosphorylation and altered insulin signaling have already been reported in epilepsy and AD, these two events should be considered as important components in the interconnection between epilepsy and AD pathogenesis and, therefore, potential therapeutic targets in this field.

Cafeteria diet during lactation and/or post-lactation altered lipid profile/lipid peroxidation and increased anxiety-like behavior in male rat offspring.

Objective: Evaluate the impact of the cafeteria diet during lactation and/or post-lactation on physiological parameters and anxiety in the offspring of Wistar rats. Methods: Male offspring of Wistar rats (n = 60) were randomized into four groups: Control (C), Lactation Cafeteria (LC), Post-lactation Cafeteria (PC) and Total Cafeteria (TC). Later in adult life the animals were submitted to the behavioral (elevated plus-maze and open field) and biological (body weight, consumption and food preference, glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum protein, and oxidative stress) evaluations. The data were submitted to ANOVA, followed by the Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.05). Results: Animals treated with the cafeteria diet presented greater weight measurements compared to the control group. Triglyceride levels were higher in the PC group than in the other groups. MDA levels were higher in the PC and TC group than CL and C. The animals of the PC and TC groups presented higher levels of anxiety compared to the C and LC groups. No significant differences due to diet were observed in the locomotor and exploratory behaviors. Conclusions: The cafeteria diet ingestion was capable of triggering biological and behavioral alterations in rats.

Feed restriction since lactation has reduced anxiety in adult Wistar rats / A restrição alimentar desde a lactação reduziu a ansiedade em ratos Wistar adultos

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effects of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate and/or lipid) in the diet of young adult (72 days) and adult (182 days) Wistar rats treated ad libitum and with 30% restriction from birth on anxiety in the elevated plus-maze. Methods We used 238 rats treated from birth, composing the groups: Control, Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Carbohydrate and Lipid, Control Restriction, Protein Restriction, Carbohydrate Restriction, Lipid Restriction and Carbohydrate and Lipid Restriction. The animals were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and tested in the elevated plus-maze. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, followed by the Newman-Keuls Test (p<0.05). Results Among the animals treated ad libitum, the Control, Carbohydrate plus Lipid and Lipid gained more weight than the Carbohydrate and Protein; ad libitum animals gained more weight than those on restriction; among the restrictions, Carbohydrate Restriction rats were the ones that gained less weight. Diet-restricted animals exhibited reduced first-entry latency, greater percentage of entries and time spent, frequency of open arm extremity visits, head dipping (protected and unprotected), and length of stay in the central area of the elevated plus-maze. The animals with 182 days presented greater latency for first entry, reduced frequency of false entries and visits to the ends of the open arms and protected head dipping. Conclusion Food restricted animals, regardless of the macronutrient present in the diet, were less anxious and/or increased their impulsivity and those at 182 days were more anxious and/or with reduced impulsivity.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos dos macronutrientes (proteína, carboidrato e/ou lipídeos) na alimentação de ratos Wistar adultos jovens (72 dias) e adultos (182 dias) tratados ad libitum e com restrição a 30% desde o nascimento quanto à ansiedade através do labirinto em cruz elevado. Métodos Foram utilizados 238 ratos tratados desde o nascimento, compondo os grupos Controle, Proteína, Carboidrato, Lipídeos, Carboidrato e Lipídeos, Restrição Controle, Restrição Proteína, Restrição Carboidrato, Restrição Lipídeos e Restrição Carboidrato e Lipídeos. Os animais foram pesados no início e no final do experimento e testados no labirinto em cruz elevado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, seguida do teste de Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Resultados Entre os animais tratados ad libitum, os dos grupos Controle, Carboidrato e Lipídeos, e Lipídeos ganharam mais peso do que os Carboidrato e Proteína; os ad libitum ganharam mais peso do que os de restrição; os Restrição Carboidrato foram os que ganharam menos peso. Animais alimentados com restrição de dieta apresentaram menor latência de primeira entrada, maior porcentagem de entradas e de tempo gasto, frequência de visitas às extremidades dos braços abertos, de mergulho (protegido e desprotegido) e tempo de permanência na área central do labirinto em cruz elevado. Os animais com 182 dias demonstraram maior latência para primeira entrada, menor frequência de falsas entradas e visitas às extremidades dos braços abertos e mergulho protegido. Conclusão Os animais em restrição alimentar, independentemente do macronutriente presente na dieta, foram menos ansiosos e/ou mais impulsivos, e os com 182 dias foram mais ansiosos e/ou menos impulsivos.

Do training regimen and competitive level affect body image dissatisfaction (leanness and muscle tone) in female athletes? / O regime de treino e o nível competitivo afetam a insatisfação corporal (magreza e muscularidade) em atletas do sexo feminino? / ¿el régimen de entrenamiento y el nivel competitivo afectan la insatisfacion corporal (delgadez y muscularidad) en atletas del sexo femenino?

ABSTRACT Introduction Studies that seek analyze the relationship between sport variables and body image are importants, because indicate if the competitive sport environment influence on body feelings of athlete. Objective To analyze the relationship between sports variables (training regimen and competitive level) and dissatisfaction in regard to leanness and muscle tone in female athletes. Methods One hundred and eighty female athletes aged over 12 years from various sport disciplines participated in the study. We used the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) to assess dissatisfaction in regard to leanness. The dissatisfaction subscale of Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) was used to evaluate dissatisfaction with muscle tone. Training regimen (frequency x daily hours of training) and competitive level were acquired through a questionnaire developed by the actual investigators. Results The findings indicated a statistically significant relationship between the training regimen (F(1, 179)=4.01; p=0.047) and competitive level (F(2, 178)=3.59; p=0.031) and the BSQ scores. Moreover, the results indicated a statistically significant relationship between the training regimen (F(1, 179)=4.01; p=0.047) and the competitive level (F(2, 178)=3.59; p=0.031), with DMS dissatisfaction subscale scores. Conclusion Sports variables (training regimen and competitive level) were related to dissatisfaction in regard to leanness and muscle tone, although they demonstrated different magnitudes. Level of evidence III; study case-control.

RESUMO Introdução Estudos que busquem analisar a relação entre variáveis esportivas e imagem corporal são importantes, pois indicam se o âmbito esportivo competitivo influencia nos sentimentos direcionados ao corpo do atleta. Objetivo Analisar a relação de variáveis esportivas (regime de treinamento e nível competitivo) com a insatisfação direcionada à magreza e à muscularidade em atletas do sexo feminino. Métodos Participaram 180 atletas com idade superior a 12 anos, pertencentes à diversas modalidades esportivas. Utilizou-se o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para avaliar a insatisfação direcionada à magreza. A subescala de insatisfação da Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) foi utilizada para avaliar a insatisfação com a muscularidade. O regime de treinamento (frequência × horas diárias de treino) e o nível competitivo foram coletados por intermédio de questionário criado pelos próprios pesquisadores. Resultados Os achados indicaram relação estatisticamente significativa do regime de treinamento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) e do nível competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) com os escores do BSQ. Ademais, os resultados apontaram relação estatisticamente significativa do regime de treinamento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) e do nível competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) com os escores da subescala de insatisfação da DMS. Conclusão As variáveis esportivas (regime de treinamento e nível competitivo) estiveram relacionadas com a insatisfação direcionada à magreza e à insatisfação com a muscularidade, embora tenham demonstrado magnitudes diferentes. Nível de evidência III; Estudo Caso-Controle.

RESUMEN Introducción Los estudios que tratan de analizar la relación entre las variables deportivas y la imagen corporal son importantes, ya que indica si la avenida deportiva competitiva influye en los sentimientos dirigidos hacia el cuerpo del atleta.. Objetivo Analizar la relación de variables deportivas (régimen de entrenamiento y nivel competitivo) con la insatisfacción direccionada a la delgadez y a la muscularidad en atletas del sexo femenino. Métodos Participaron 180 atletas con edad superior a 12 años, pertenecientes a diversas modalidades deportivas. Se usó el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para evaluar la insatisfacción direccionada a la delgadez. Fue usada la subescala de insatisfacción de la Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) para evaluar la insatisfacción con la muscularidad. El régimen de entrenamiento (frecuencia x horas diarias de entrenamiento) y el nivel competitivo se recolectaron a través de un cuestionario creado por los propios investigadores. Resultados Los hallazgos indicaron relación estadísticamente significativa del régimen de entrenamiento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) y del nivel competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) con los puntajes de BSQ. Además, los resultados mostraron relación estadísticamente significativa del régimen de entrenamiento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) y del nivel competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) con los puntajes de la subescala de insatisfacción del DMS. Conclusión Las variables deportivas (régimen de entrenamiento y nivel competitivo) estuvieron relacionadas con la insatisfacción direccionada a la delgadez y la insatisfacción con la muscularidad, aunque hayan demostrado diferentes magnitudes. Nivel de evidencia III; estudio el control de caso.

Efeito da Ansiedade Competitiva sobre a Tomada de Decisão em Jovens Atletas de Voleibol / Effect of Competitive Anxiety on Decision-Making in Young Volleyball Athletes

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito da ansiedade competitiva sobre a tomada de decisão de jovens atletas de voleibol. A amostra foi composta por 24 voluntários do sexo masculino (16,06 ±0,65 anos). Utilizou-se a versão brasileira do Competitite State Anxiety Inventory para avaliar a ansiedade competitiva. A tomada de decisão foi avaliada em situação real de jogo, adotando-se os critérios do Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). Localizaram-se correlações negativas da ansiedade cognitiva e ansiedade somática com o índice de tomada de decisão (p<0,05). Revelaram-se correlações positivas entre a "autoconfiança" e o índice de tomada de decisão (p<0,05). Revelou-se influência da ansiedade cognitiva, somática e autoconfiança no índice de tomada de decisão (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a ansiedade pode ser considerada um fator interveniente na tomada de decisão.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of competitive anxiety on decision-make of young volleyball athletes. The sample was composed of 24 volunteers. We used the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) to evaluate the competitive anxiety. Decision-making was evaluated in real game situation, adopting the criteria of Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). Negative correlations were found between the decision-making index and both cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety (p<0.05). In contrast, positive correlation was revealed between self-confidence and the decision-making index (p<0.05). The findings revealed the influence of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence in the decision-making index (p<0.05). It was concluded that anxiety can be considered an intervening factor in decision-making of young male volleyball players.

Efecto del entrenamiento de imágenes motoras en el rendimiento del servicio de tenis en atletas de tenis jóvenes / Effect of motor imagery training on tennis service performance in young tennis athletes / Efeito do treinamento em imagens motoras no desempenho do serviço de tênis em jovens atletas de tênis

The objective of the study was to analyse the effect of motor imagery training on tennis service performance among tennis athletes. Participants were twenty-eight young male tennis players, randomly divided into two groups: imagery training (ITG, n = 14) and control group (CG, n = 14). It was a controlled and randomized experimental investigation, lasting eight weeks. the CG watched videos about the history of the Olympics, while ITG did motor imagery training. the tennis service performance was obtained by the product between accuracy and stroke velocity [accuracy x mean velocity of all strokes (km/h)]. the effect of group vs time interaction (p <.01) was identified for all performance indicators [accuracy, running speed and performance (precision x speed)], with improvement only in ITG (p = 01). It concluded that motor imagery training would be considered an effective strategy to enhance the tennis service performance among male tennis players

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto del entrenamiento de imágenes en el rendimiento del tenis de servicio entre los atletas de tenis. Los participantes fueron 28 tenistas jóvenes, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: formación en imágenes (ITG, n = 14) y grupo de control (CG, n = 14). Es una investigación experimental controlada y aleatorizada, que dura ocho semanas. El CG miró videos sobre la historia de los Juegos Olímpicos, mientras que ITG hizo entrenamiento de imágenes. El rendimiento del tenis de servicio se obtuvo por el producto entre precisión y velocidad de carrera [precisión x velocidad media de todos los golpes (km/h)]. Se identificó el efecto de interacción grupo contra tiempo (p < .01) para todos los indicadores de rendimiento [precisión, velocidad de carrera y rendimiento (precisión x velocidad)], con mejoría solo en ITG (p = .01). Se concluyó que el entrenamiento con imágenes se puede considerar una estrategia efectiva para mejorar el rendimiento del tenis entre los tenistas

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito do treinamento imaginário sobre o desempenho do saque em atletas de tênis. Participaram vinte e oito jovens atletas de tênis, randomicamente divididos em dois grupos: treinamento imaginário (TI, n =14) e grupo controle (GC, n = 14). Trata-se de investigação experimental randomizada e controlada, com duração de oito semanas. O GC assistiu vídeos sobre a história das Olimpíadas, ao passo que o TI realizou o treinamento imaginário. O desempenho do saque foi mensurado pelo produto entre acurácea e velocidade da bola [acurácea x velocidade média da bola (km/h]. Foi revelado efeito de interação grupo vs. tempo (p < .01) para todos os indicadores de desempenho [acurácea, velocidade da bola e desempenho (precisão vs. velocidade)], com melhora somente para o TI (p = .01). Concluiu-se que o treinamento imaginário pode ser considerado uma estratégia efetiva para potencializar o desempenho do saque em atletas de tênis do sexo masculino

Brazilian version of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) for adolescents / Versão brasileira do Questionário de Atitudes Socioculturais em Relação à Aparência (SATAQ-3) para adolescentes / Versión brasileña del Cuestionario sobre Actitudes Socioculturales Hacia la Apariencia (SATAQ-3) para adolescentes

The study adapted the Questionnaire of Sociocultural Attitudes Regarding Appearance (SATAQ-3) for Brazilian adolescents. We tested the factorial structure using confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), exploratory factorial analysis (EFA), concurrent validity and internal consistency in 347 adolescents (171 males) aged 10-13 years. The AFC did not find a good fit of our sample to the models. The AFE, however, resulted in satisfactory adjustment, with factorial structure of six factors explaining slightly more than 50% of the variance. Correlations between SATAQ-3 scores and body image estimation and satisfaction indices, as well as the Body Mass Index, showed concurrent validity of the instrument. The internal consistency is adequate for the general sample and for groups stratified by sex (α Cronbach> 0.804). It has been shown that SATAQ-3 is suitable for administration to Brazilian adolescents aged 10-13 years to analyze sociocultural pressures and the internalization of appearance ideals.

O estudo adaptou o Questionário de Atitudes Socioculturais em Relação à Aparência (SATAQ-3) para adolescentes brasileiros. Testamos a estrutura fatorial utilizando análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC), análise fatorial exploratória (AFE), validade concorrente e consistência interna em 347 adolescentes (171 masculinos) com 10-13 anos. A AFC não encontrou um bom ajuste da nossa amostra aos modelos. A AFE, no entanto, resultou em ajuste satisfatório, com estrutura fatorial de seis fatores explicando ligeiramente mais de 50% da variância. Correlações entre os escores do SATAQ-3 e os índices de estimação e satisfação com a imagem corporal, além do Índice de Massa Corporal, mostraram validade concorrente do instrumento. A consistência interna é adequada para a amostra geral e para grupos estratificados por sexo (α Cronbach > 0,804). Demonstrou-se que o SATAQ-3 é adequado para a administração a adolescentes brasileiros de 10-13 anos para analisar as pressões socioculturais e a internalização dos ideais de aparência.

El estudio adaptó el Questionario de Actitudes Socioculturales con Respecto a la Apariencia (SATAQ-3) para adolescentes brasileños. Probamos la estructura factorial mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA), análisis factorial exploratorio (EFA), validez concurrente y consistencia interna en 347 adolescentes (171 hombres) de 10-13 años. La AFC no encontró buen ajuste de nuestra muestra a los modelos. Sin embargo, la AFE resultó en ajuste satisfactorio, con estructura factorial de seis factores explicando poco más del 50% de la varianza. Correlaciones entre los puntajes SATAQ-3 y los índices de estimación y satisfacción de la imagen corporal, así como el Índice de masa corporal, mostraron validez concurrente del instrumento. La consistencia interna es adecuada para la muestra general y para los grupos estratificados por sexo (α Cronbach> 0.804). Se ha demostrado que SATAQ-3 es adecuado para administración a adolescentes brasileños de 10-13 años para analizar las presiones socioculturales y la internalización de los ideales de apariencia.

Influência da insatisfação corporal direcionada à magreza na restrição alimentar e nos sintomas bulímicos: uma investigação prospectiva com jovens nadadoras

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a influência da insatisfação corporal direcionada à magreza (IC) sobre a restrição alimentar e sintomas bulímicos em jovens nadadoras. O delineamento foi prospectivo. Participaram 125 nadadoras. Usaram-se as subescalas do Eating Attitudes Test para avaliar restrição alimentar e sintomas de bulimia. Usou-se o Body Shape Questionnaire para avaliar a IC. Os achados revelaram influência significativa da IC na restrição alimentar (p = 0,001) e nos sintomas bulímicos (p = 0,001). Concluiu-se que a IC influenciou o desencadeamento da restrição alimentar e sintomas bulímicos em jovens nadadoras.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the influence of thin body dissatisfaction (BD) on restrained eating and bulimic symptoms in young swimmers. The design was prospective. 125 swimmers were participants. We used the Eating Attitudes Test subscales to assess restrained eating and bulimia symptoms. We used the Body Shape Questionnaire to assess BD. Findings revealed significant influence of BD on restrained eating (p = 0.001) and bulimic symptoms (p = 0.001). It was concluded that the BD influenced the outcome of restrained eating and bulimic symptoms in young swimmers.

El objetivo fue analizar la influencia de la insatisfacción corporal (IC) centrada en la delgadez en la restricción de alimentos y los síntomas bulímicos entre nadadoras jóvenes. El diseño fue prospectivo. Participaron 125 nadadoras. Utilizamos las subescalas del Eating Attitudes Test para evaluar la restricción de alimentos y los síntomas de la bulimia. Se utilizó la Body Shape Questionnaire para evaluar la IC. Los resultados revelaron una influencia considerable de la IC en la restricción de alimentos (p = 0,001) y en los síntomas bulímicos (p = 0,001). Se concluyó que el IC influyó en la activación de la restricción de alimentos y los síntomas bulímicos en nadadoras jóvenes.

Brazilian Version of the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) for Young Adolescents.

The present study developed a Brazilian adaptation of the BAS for young adolescents, testing its factor structure by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), concurrent and criterion validity, and its internal consistency. Participants were 347 adolescents (171 male and 176 female, aged between 10 and 13 years old). Three psychologists experts in psychological evaluation and three teachers of Portuguese of elementary school also participated for the adaptation stage of the items in order to be properly understood by the sample age group. There were few changes from the version culturally adapted for the Brazilian adult population. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were satisfactory for the general population and both sexes (.804; female =.851; male =.752). The one-factor model of the BAS was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis with good indicators for the measurements of adjustment to the model, χ2 = 77.9; GFI = 0.967; NFI = 0.940, CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.968; RMSEA;.038). The convergent validity analyzes revealed significant correlations between BAS scores and BMI (r = -.230; p < .001) and between the first and body image satisfaction (r = .309; p < .001). The BAS version for Brazilian young adolescents had adequate levels of validity and reliability, keeping the one-dimensional structure which indicates its use in Brazilian adolescent's samples.

Effect of Competitive Anxiety on Passing Decision-Making in Under-17 Soccer Players / Efeito da Ansiedade Competitiva Sobre a Tomada de Decisão do Passe em Atletas de Futebol da Categoria Sub-17 / Efecto de la Ansiedad Competitiva Sobre Toma de Decisiones de lo Pase en los Jugadores de Fútbol de la Categoría Menores de 17 Años

Abstract It is not known if competitive anxiety affects decision-making performance in athletes. This study aimed to analyze the effect of competitive anxiety on passing decision-making in young soccer players. This is a prospective study, whose sample consisted of 40 soccer athletes of the under-17 category. The Portuguese version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) was filled out by athletes 45 minutes before the start of a soccer match. Decision-making was evaluated in a real game situation. The analysis and categorization of actions were based on the Game Performance Assessment Instrument. The results showed significant influence of cognitive anxiety (R² =.20; p = .001), somatic anxiety (R² = .45; p = .001) and self-confidence about the passing decision-making index (R² = .31; p = .001). It was concluded that competitive anxiety can be considered an intervening factor in decision-making of the pass of young male soccer players.Keywords: test validity, scaling, elderly, depression

Resumo Não se sabe se a ansiedade competitiva acarreta efeito no desempenho da tomada de decisão em atletas. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito da ansiedade competitiva sobre a tomada de decisão do passe em jovens atletas de futebol. Trata-se de uma investigação prospectiva, cuja amostra foi composta por 40 atletas de futebol da categoria sub-17. A versão em língua portuguesa do Competitite State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) foi preenchida 45 minutos antes do início de uma partida de futebol. A tomada de decisão foi avaliada pelos critérios do Game Performance Assessment Instrument. Os resultados apontaram influência significativa da ansiedade cognitiva (R² = .20; p = .001), da ansiedade somática (R² = .45; p = .001) e da autoconfiança sobre o índice de tomada de decisão do passe (R² = .31; p = .001). Concluiu-se que a ansiedade competitiva pode ser considerada um fator interveniente na tomada de decisão do passe de jovens atletas de futebol do sexo masculino.

Resumen No se sabe si la ansiedad competitiva genera efectos en el rendimiento de toma de decisiones en los atletas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de la ansiedad competitiva sobre toma de decisiones del pase en futbolistas jóvenes. Se trata de una investigación prospectiva, cuya muestra fue formada por 40 jugadores de la categoría sub-17. La versión en portugués del Competitive State Anxiety Intentory se completó 45 minutos antes del comienzo de una partida de fútbol. La toma de decisiones se evaluó mediante los criterios del instrumento de evaluación del rendimiento del juego por medio del Game Performance Assessment Instrument. Los resultados mostraron una influencia significativa de la ansiedad cognitiva (R² = .20; p = .001), de la ansiedad somática (R² = .45; p = .001) y de la autoconfianza sobre el índice de toma de decisión del pase (R² = .31; p = .001). Se concluyó que la ansiedad competitiva puede considerarse un factor que interviene en la toma de decisiones del pase de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol de sexo masculino.

Brazilian version of the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) for young adolescents

The present study developed a Brazilian adaptation of the BAS for young adolescents, testing its factor structure by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), concurrent and criterion validity, and its internal consistency. Participants were 347 adolescents (171 male and 176 female, aged between 10 and 13 years old). Three psychologists experts in psychological evaluation and three teachers of Portuguese of elementary school also participated for the adaptation stage of the items in order to be properly understood by the sample age group. There were few changes from the version culturally adapted for the Brazilian adult population. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were satisfactory for the general population and both sexes (.804; female =.851; male =.752). The one-factor model of the BAS was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis with good indicators for the measurements of adjustment to the model, χ2 = 77.9; GFI = 0.967; NFI = 0.940, CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.968; RMSEA;.038). The convergent validity analyzes revealed significant correlations between BAS scores and BMI (r = -.230; p < .001) and between the first and body image satisfaction (r = .309; p < .001). The BAS version for Brazilian young adolescents had adequate levels of validity and reliability, keeping the one-dimensional structure which indicates its use in Brazilian adolescent's samples

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Adaptação transcultural do programa "Everybody's Different" para a promoção da autoestima em adolescentes: processo de tradução para português do Brasil / Transcultural adaptation of the "Everybody's Different" program to self-esteem promotion among adolescents: translation process to Brazilian portuguese / Adaptación transcultural del "Everybody's Different" para promover la autoestima en los adolescentes: proceso de traducción ao portugués de Brasil

Levando em consideração que os quadros de obesidade e de Transtornos Alimentares compartilham os mesmos fatores de risco à saúde, tais como insatisfação com a imagem corporal, baixa autoestima e comportamentos alimentares inadequados, e que programas de promoção da autoestima levam à aquisição de uma imagem corporal positiva, a qual está associada à saúde física e mental de adolescentes, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a adaptação transcultural do programa "Everybody's Different" para o Brasil, visando sua aplicação em adolescentes com idades entre 10 e 14 anos. Esse programa tem o objetivo de promover a imagem corporal positiva por meio da elevação da autoestima geral. Seguiram-se as principais recomendações internacionais para adaptação de instrumentos (traduções, síntese das traduções, retrotraduções, síntese das retrotraduções e comitê de juízes). Alguns termos não foram literalmente traduzidos, pois a equivalência cultural entre a versão original e o contexto brasileiro foi priorizada. Selecionou-se um vocabulário de fácil compreensão para a faixa etária e de abrangência nacional. O programa "Todos São Diferentes" encontra-se disponível para ser utilizado e avaliado na população brasileira, com a finalidade de investigar sua eficácia na prevenção de comportamentos de risco à saúde.

Eating Disorders and Obesity share the same health risk factors as dissatisfaction with body image, low self-esteem, and poor eating behaviors. Self-esteem promotion programs lead to a positive body image, which is associated with physical and mental health among adolescents. The objective of this study was to do the transcultural adaptation of the "Everybody's Different" program to the Brazilian context, aiming its application among adolescents between 10 and 14 years old. This program aims at promoting a positive body image by raising general self-esteem. We followed the main international recommendations for instruments adaptation (translations, synthesis of translations, back-translations, synthesis of back-translations, and committee of judges). Some terms were not translated literally, respecting the cultural equivalence between the original version and the Brazilian context. We selected a vocabulary that could be easily understood for the age group and with national comprising. The "Todos São Diferentes" program is available for use and evaluation in the Brazilian population, with the purpose of investigating its effectiveness in preventing health risk behaviors.

Los cuadros de trastornos de la alimentación y la obesidad comparten los mismos factores de riesgo a la salud, tales como insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, baja autoestima y comportamientos alimentarios inadecuados. Los programas de promoción de la autoestima conducen a la adquisición de una imagen positiva de su cuerpo, que se asocia con la salud física y mental de los adolescentes de. El objetivo del estudio fue la adaptación transcultural del "Everybody's Different" para Brasil, para su aplicación en los adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 10 y 14 años. Este programa tiene el objetivo de promover la imagen corporal positiva a través de la elevación de la autoestima general. Fueron seguidos las principales recomendaciones internacionales para la adaptación de instrumentos (traducción, síntesis de las traducciones, traducción de vuelta, síntesis de las traducciones de vuelta y resumen del panel de jueces). Algunos términos no se tradujeron literalmente, se dio prioridad a la equivalencia cultural entre la versión original y el contexto brasileño. Se seleccionó un vocabulario fácil de entender para el grupo de edad y en todo el país. El "Todos São Diferentes" está disponible para su uso y evaluación en la población brasileña, con la finalidad de investigar su eficacia en la prevención de conductas de riesgo para la salud son necesarios.

Dissatisfaction and Body Checking in Sports Scale: A New Measure for Athletes / Escala de Insatisfação e Checagem Corporal nos Esportes: Uma Nova Medida para Atletas / Escala de Insatisfacción y Chequeo Corporal en los Deportes: Una Nueva Medida para Atletas

Abstract: After performing searches in the main scientific articles database, no specific psychometric scale was found that analyzes body dissatisfaction and body checking to athletes. The aim of the study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Dissatisfaction and Body Checking in Sports Scale (DBCS) - male and female versions - in Brazilian athletes. The researchers built the DBCS. Participants were 1,197 athletes. The exploratory factor analysis showed a factor structure that explained more than 40% of the variance in both versions of the DBCS. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the DBCS - male and female versions - and questionnaires used for concurrent validity (p < .001). No difference was found in mean DBCS scores when applied two weeks apart (p > .05). The findings indicated difference in DBCS scores according to body fat (p = .01). The results showed a positive relationship between DBCS and Eating Attitudes Test scores (p = .001). It was concluded that the DBCS - male and female versions - demonstrated satisfactory concurrent, discriminant, predictive validity and reproducibility.

Resumo: Após realizar buscas nas principais bases de dados de artigos científicos, não foi encontrada escala psicométrica específica que avalie insatisfação e checagem corporal em atletas. O objetivo foi analisar as propriedades psicométricas das versões feminina e masculina da Escala de Insatisfação e Checagem Corporal nos Esportes (EICCE) em atletas brasileiros. A EICCE foi construída pelos próprios pesquisadores. Participaram 1.197 atletas de ambos os sexos. Os resultados demonstraram estrutura fatorial que explicou mais de 40% da variância de ambas as versões da EICCE. Os achados indicaram relação estatisticamente significativa entre as versões da EICCE e os questionários utilizados para a validade concorrente (p < 0,001). Não se revelou diferença das médias dos escores da EICCE no teste-reteste (p > 0,05). Os achados demonstraram diferença dos escores da EICCE em função da adiposidade corporal (p = 0,01). Os resultados apontaram relação positiva entre a EICCE e os escores do Eating Attitudes Test (p = 0,001). Concluiu-se que as versões feminina e masculina da EICCE demonstraram validade concorrente, discriminante, preditiva e reprodutibilidade satisfatórias.

Resumen: Tras búsquedas en las principales bases de datos de artículos científicos, no fue encontrada escala psicométrica para evaluar la insatisfacción corporal y el chequeo corporal en los atletas. El objetivo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Insatisfacción y Chequeo Corporal en los Deportes (EICCE) en atletas brasileños. La EICCE fue construido por los investigadores. Participaron 1.197 atletas de ambos sexos. Los resultados demostraron que la estructura factorial explica más del 40% de la varianza de ambas versiones de la EICCE. Los resultados indicaron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la EICCE y cuestionarios utilizados para la validez concurrente (p < 0,001). No se encontraron diferencias en las puntuaciones medias del EICCE en la fiabilidad test-retest (p > 0,05). Los hallazgos demostraron diferencia en las puntuaciones del EICCE en función de la adiposidad corporal (p = 0,01). Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre EICCE y las puntuaciones del Eating Attitudes Test (p = 0,001). Se concluyó que ambas versiones de la EICCE demostraron validez concurrente, discriminante, predictivo y reproducibilidad satisfactorias.

Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of a Brazilian Version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire / Tradução e Adaptação Transcultural da Versão Brasileira do Questionário de Alimentação da Criança / Traducción y Adaptación Cultural de la Versión Brasileña del Cuestionario de la Alimentación del Niño

Abstract: The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) assesses parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about child feeding and obesity proneness. This research aimed to translate and to test the reliability of the CFQ and to evaluate this instrument in Brazilian families. The participants were 300 mothers and 300 children, aging from 2 to 11 years old, of both sexes. The translation, synthesis, back-translation, evaluation by an expert committee and pre-test were performed. Besides the application of questionnaire to mothers, data regarding anthropometric measurements in mothers and children was collected. The indexes of content validity index, test-retest reliability and internal consistencies were good. The parental factors Perceived parent weight, Perceived child weight, Concern about child weight, Restriction, Pressure to eat and Monitoring on child feeding were associated with overweight in childhood. In conclusion, these results highlight the validity and utility of the Brazilian version of the CFQ.

Resumo: O Questionário de Alimentação da Criança (QAC) avalia as crenças, atitudes e práticas dos pais em relação a alimentação e a propensão à obesidade dos filhos. Este estudo objetivou traduzir e testar a fidedignidade do QAC e avaliar este instrumento em famílias brasileiras. Os participantes foram 300 mães e 300 crianças, de 2 a 11 anos, de ambos os sexos. Realizou-se a tradução, síntese, retro-tradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e pré-teste.Para além da aplicação do questionário às mães, foram também recolhidos dados realtivos à avaliação antropométrica das mães e filhos. Os índices de validade de conteúdo, confiabilidade teste-reteste e consistência interna foram adequados. Os fatores Percepção do peso dos pais, Percepção do peso da criança, Preocupação com o peso da criança, Restrição, Pressão para comer e Monitoramento mostraram-se associados com a obesidade infantil. Em conclusão, esses resultados destacam a validade e a utilidade da versão brasileira do CFQ.

Resumen: El Cuestionario de Alimentación Infantil (acrónimo en inglés CFQ) evalúa las creencias, actitudes y prácticas de los padres con relación al poder y la propensión a la obesidad de los niños. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo traducir y poner a prueba la fiabilidad del CFQy evaluar este instrumento en las familias brasileñas. Los participantes fueron 300 madres y 300 niños, 2-11 años, de ambos géneros. La traducción, síntesis, retro traducción, evaluación por el comité de expertos y pre-test se llevaron a cabo. Además de la aplicación del cuestionario, también fueron recolectados datos relativos a la evaluación antropométrica de las madres y los niños. Los índices de validez de contenido, fiabilidad test-retest y consistencia interna fueron adecuados. Los factores Percepción del peso de los padrea, Percepción del peso del hijo, Preocupación con el peso del niño, Restricción, Presión para comer y Monitoreo estaban asociados con la obesidad infantil. En conclusión, estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la validez y utilidad de la versión brasileña del CFQ.

Effects of cafeteria diet and high fat diet intake on anxiety, learning and memory in adult male rats.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of cafeteria and high fat diets were investigated on animal models of behavior. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were treated with Control (C), Cafeteria (CD) and High Fat (FD) diets and tested in the Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) and Morris Water Maze (MWM) procedures. Body weight, length, abdominal circumference, retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissues were recorded. Physical parameters, weight of tissues, EPM, and MWM data were subjected to ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences on weight and length parameters between CD and C rats up to 98 days of age. However, abdominal circumferences were higher in CD as compared to C at 35 and 70 days of age, respectively, the 5th and the 7th weeks. FD presented lower measures of weight and abdominal circumference; nevertheless there was an increase on those parameters at the end of the nutritional treatment. Even without an apparent weight gain of CD and FD these animals presented a greater accumulation of retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissues. In addition, CD and FD demonstrated behaviors that can suggest lower anxiety. CD showed a better learning performance and FD showed better recall of previous learned information in the memory retention test. DISCUSSION: According to those data it was concluded that hypercaloric diet ingestion was capable of triggering metabolic alterations and possibly lowering anxiety associated to learning or memory improvement on a spatial task.

Transcultural adaptation procedures for the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for Brazil / Procedimentos de tradução da adaptação transcultural do Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) para o Brasil / Procedimientos de traducción de la adaptación transcultural del Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) en Brasil

The objective of this study was to translate the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) into Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the semantic, conceptual, idiomatic and cultural equivalence, content-related validity and level of verbal comprehension as an initial stage of its cross-cultural adaptation. Six stages were conducted: translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, synthesis of back translations; pilot test to evaluate the instrument and verbal comprehension by the target population; and content validity analysis by judges. The differences between the original and translated versions refer to language and culture, as they are very similar in meaning. The content validity index was excellent, with agreement level of 94.50% among specialists, for the entire scale. The items were easily understood by the target population. The Brazilian version of the DEBQ was approved by the original author and is ready to be tested for psychometric properties. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir o Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e avaliar as equivalências semântica, conceitual, idiomática e cultural, validade relacionada a conteúdo e nível de compreensão verbal, como um estágio inicial da sua adaptação transcultural. Seis etapas foram conduzidas: tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, síntese das retrotraduções; teste da versão piloto para avaliar o instrumento e a compreensão verbal pela população alvo; e análise da validade de conteúdo por juízes. As diferenças entre as versões original e traduzida referem-se à linguagem e cultura, pois são muito similares em sentido. O índice de validade de conteúdo foi ótimo, com nível de concordância de 94,50% entre os especialistas, para a escala inteira. Os itens foram facilmente compreendidos pela população-alvo. A versão brasileira do DEBQ foi aprovada pelo autor original e está pronta para ser testada em relação às propriedades psicométricas. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir el Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) para el idioma portugés de Brasil, y evaluar equivalencia semántica, conceptual, idiomática y cultural, validez relacionada con el contenido, y nivel de comprensión verbal como una etapa inicial de adaptación transcultural. Se llevaron a cabo seis etapas: traducción; síntesis de las traducciones; traducción inversa; síntesis de las versiones de traducción inversa; test de la versión piloto para evaluar el instrumento y comprensión verbal por parte de la población objetivo; y análisis de validez de contenido por jueces. Las diferencias entre la versión original y traducida se refieren a lenguaje y cultura ya que son muy similares en significado. El índice de validez de contenido fue óptimo, con nivel de concordancia de 94,50% entre los especialistas, para la totalidad de la escala. Los ítems fueron fácilmente comprendidos por la población objetivo. La versión brasileña del DEBQ fue aprobada por el autor original y está lista para ser testada en relación a las propiedades psicométricas. (AU)

What is more strongly related to disordered eating in male surfers, body fat or muscularity?

Abstract AIMS This study aimed to analyze the relationship between disordered eating (DE) and dissatisfaction with body fat and the drive for muscularity in male surfing athletes. METHODS The research included a sample of 175 surfers. The Eating Attitudes Test was used to assess DE. It was used the Body Shape Questionnaire to assess body dissatisfaction based on body fat. It was used the Drive for Muscularity Scale to evaluate the drive for muscularity. RESULTS The multinomial regression model showed a statistically significant association between DE and both body dissatisfaction based on body fat (Wald = 22.97, OR = 3.86) and the drive for muscularity (Wald = 12.38, OR = 1.84). CONCLUSION It was concluded that there is relationship between body dissatisfaction based on body fat and DE. Likewise, there is relationship between drive for muscularity and DE in male surfers.(AU)

Mental training generates positive effect on competitive anxiety of young swimmers? / O treinamento mental gera efeito positivo na ansiedade competitiva de jovens nadadores?

Abstract The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of mental training on the competitive anxiety of young swimmers. The sample consisted of 35 swimmers aged 15-17 years (M = 15.93; SD = 0.98), randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EG, n = 17) and control group (CG, n = 18). The study lasted eight weeks. Both groups performed the same physical/technical training planning. CG watched advertisement videos while EG performed mental training. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) was administered to all athletes before the start of the season and the last week of the “taper” mesocycle. The findings revealed that the “cognitive anxiety” and “somatic anxiety” subscale scores attenuated from pre-test to post-test in EG (p = 0.01) and remained stable in CG (p = 0.15). The results showed that the “self-confidence” subscale score increased from pre-test to post-test in EG (p = 0.01) and remained stable in CG (p = 0.26). Significant difference was found in “cognitive anxiety” (p = 0.01), “somatic anxiety” (p = 0.01) and “self-confidence” (p = 0.01) subscales across EG and CG after 8 weeks. It was concluded that mental training was effective in reducing anxiety (cognitive and somatic) and increasing the self-confidence of young swimmers.

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar o efeito do treinamento mental sobre a ansiedade competitiva de jovens nadadores. A amostra foi composta por 35 nadadores com idades entre 15 e 17 anos (M = 15,93; DP = 0,98), divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: experimental (GE, n = 17) e controle (GC, n = 18). O estudo teve a duração de 8 semanas. Ambos os grupos fizeram a mesma planificação de treinamento físico/técnico. O GC assistiu a vídeos de propagandas, ao passo que o GE realizou o treinamento mental. O Competitite State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R) foi preenchido pelos atletas antes do início da temporada e na última semana do mesociclo “Polimento”. Os achados revelaram que os escores das subescalas “ansiedade cognitiva” e “ansiedade somática” atenuaram do pré-teste para o pós-teste no GE (p = 0,01) e se mantiveram estáveis no GC (p = 0,15). Os resultados demonstraram que o escore da subescala “autoconfiança” aumentou do pré-teste para o pós-teste no GE (p = 0,01) e se manteve estável no GC (p = 0,26). Foi identificada diferença significante nas subescalas “ansiedade cognitiva” (p = 0,01), “ansiedade somátiva” (p = 0,01) e “autoconfiança” (p = 0,01) entre GE e GC após as 8 semanas. Concluiu-se que o treinamento mental foi eficiente para reduzir a ansiedade (cognitiva e somática) e aumentar a autoconfiança de jovens atletas de natação.

Etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls. / Modelo etiológico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiros do sexo feminino.

The objective was to construct an etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls. A total of 1,358 adolescent girls from four cities participated. The study used psychometric scales to assess disordered eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, media pressure, self-esteem, mood, depressive symptoms, and perfectionism. Weight, height, and skinfolds were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (%F). Structural equation modeling explained 76% of variance in disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 74.50; p = 0.001). The findings indicate that body dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between media pressures, self-esteem, mood, BMI, %F, and disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 59.89; p = 0.001). Although depressive symptoms were not related to body dissatisfaction, the model indicated a direct relationship with disordered eating behaviors (F(2, 1,356) = 23.98; p = 0.001). In conclusion, only perfectionism failed to fit the etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls.